Pakistan IT » Hardware

NVIDIA sends GeForce GTX 550 Ti into the $150 graphics card wars

Pakistan IT — Wed, 16 Mar 2011 06:33:51 +0000

It wasn’t that long ago that we were commending ATI on the stellar regularity of its product launches while NVIDIA was floundering, yet now the roles are reversed and we’re seeing NVIDIA flesh out its second generation of Fermi products with the midrange GeForce GTX 550 Ti presented today. Its biggest attraction is a $150 price tag, but it makes a major concession in order to reach that pricing plateau — there are only 192 CUDA cores inside it, equal to the previous-gen GTS 450, but less than the celebrated GTX 460. NVIDIA tries to ameliorate that shortage of parallel processing units by running the ones it has at an aggressive 1800MHz allied to a 900MHz graphics clock speed, and it also throws in a gigabyte of RAM running at an effective rate of 4GHz. That too is constrained somewhat, however, by a 192-bit interface, rather than the wider 256-bit affair on its bigger brother GTX 560 Ti. What all these specs boil down is some decent performance, but few recommendations from reviewers — mostly due to the abundance of compelling alternatives at nearby price points. Hit up the links below for more.

Read – AnandTech
Read – Tech Report
Read – Guru3D
Read – PC Perspective
Read – techPowerUp!
Read – Hexus

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Intel brings vPro to Sandy Bridge CPUs, makes losing your work laptop slightly less painful

Pakistan IT — Wed, 09 Mar 2011 16:56:10 +0000

Imagine, if you will, business travelers gallivanting across the globe with nary a care in the world — secure in the fact that should they lose their laptop by hook or by crook, they can disable it with a simple text message. Well, the dream is now a reality as Intel has put its third-gen vPro technology in Sandy Bridge Core i5 and i7 business chips, giving users the ability to lock down and reactivate a PC remotely via SMS. Not exactly a fresh idea, but nice to see it passed on to more modern chipsets. To further simplify the lives of IT professionals, the new version of vPro also has an encryption login requirement upon awakening from sleep mode, 1920 x 1200 resolution remote management, and host-based configuration to allow the set up of countless PCs at once. Of course, that assumes your employer’s willing to pony up for Chipzilla’s new gear — the economic downturn’s almost over, right?

InformationWeek

Intel

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SocialKeyboards unveils S.N.A.K. the Social Network Access Keyboard

Pakistan IT — Tue, 08 Mar 2011 15:39:11 +0000

If you are a serious user of Facebook that spend lots of time uploading photos and other content to your social network page on Facebook a new keyboard just for you has surfaced. The keyboard is called the S.N.A.K. and it has a bunch of short cut keys that will let you go directly to the parts of Facebook you want with a single button press. The keyboard has 19 different networking hotkeys.

The multitude of hot keys allows you to press a button and go right to uploading pictures and there is a button for liking a post as well. The keyboard requires you to install software on the computer for use and it offers online documentation as well. The software controls the hot keys that are on the keyboard.

The idea behind the S.N.A.K. keyboard is that no matter what Facebook does to the layout and button arrangement of the social network you will always be able to upload pics easily and quickly. The keyboard can be purchased right now for $29.99.

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Review: HP eStation All-In-One Printer With An Android Tablet

Pakistan IT — Fri, 14 Jan 2011 12:41:06 +0000

Short version: part useful application of new technology, part marketing gimmick, the HP eStation is a solid all-in-one printer that uses a wireless Android-powered touchscreen tablet as its primary interface. The printer is about what you’d expect from HP these days, while the tablet presents some interesting new usability options. You certainly shouldn’t buy the eStation just because you want an Android tablet, but it makes a decent bonus if you’re looking for a functional all-in-one printer anyway.

Features:

wireless all-in-one supports HP ePrint and iPrint technologies
includes 20 free faxes per month via eFax.com
separate ink tanks per color
includes a 7″ wireless Android-powered tablet called “Zeen”
MSRP of $399.99

Pros:

easy to set up
decent paper tray

Cons:

the Zeen tablet feel under-powered
No market:// URI support for Android apps
Limited Linux support

Review:
Reviewing printers in the year 2011 just isn’t that exciting. Unless, of course, that printer also includes a wireless Android-powered tablet. The output quality from the eStation is what you’d expect these days: fast, high quality text and graphics. Photos on photo paper look good. The printer is not particularly quiet about its job, though: loading paper is actually a fairly noisy process, and the sound of the print head speeding back and forth across the page is more than a little noticeable.

HP calls the tablet portion of the eStation the “Zeen”. It’s a 7″ touchscreen that provides you control over your printer, and for its primary task it does a great job. It’s unobtrusive and intuitive to use. When a print job completes, the Zeen makes a demure little “ding” sound to let you know. Using the Zeen, you can copy, scan or fax without ever using your computer.

The integration of printer information and controls into Android is very well done. The Zeen system dashboard shows you a quick overview of your wireless network settings, Zeen battery charge, estimated ink levels in the printer, and info on any SD card inserted into the Zeen. The typical Android slide-down notification system reveals active print jobs as well as the printer’s IP address and ePrint email address.

Setting up the Zeen’s home screen is a little laborious, and includes a rather paltry selection of widgets. It’s not possible to add widgets, so if you don’t like what they give you you’re out of luck. One of the most striking things about the widget selection is the complete lack of anything from Google. Instead, you get Yahoo! Search, Yahoo! Weather, and Yahoo! Daily Digest news headlines widgets. It’s pretty obvious that HP and Yahoo! made a deal over this, and it’s a little unfortunate that they’ve chosen what widgets you can use on the Zeen.

The eStation supports the same print apps that other HP printers do, with the difference being that you access the apps through the Zeen. This is the biggest real-world use of the Zeen you’re likely to see. The physically attached interface of other printers means you need to gather the kids around the printer itself to select which PBS Kids coloring book pages you want to print out. With the eStation, you can give the Zeen to your kids and let them find and print the pages they want. Be advised, though, that the Zeen will not be responsive enough for most hyper-stimulated kids today. It literally takes about ten seconds to launch the PBS Kids print app. Navigating within the app, and selecting something to print is also measured in seconds.

The selection of content within the print apps is fairly stagnant. I haven’t seen a lot of new coloring book pages or CubeeCraft constructs since I first got my review unit of the eStation. I haven’t looked at the Coupons, My Recipes or the daily Sudoku apps, though, so maybe those have more regularly updated content.

The eStation driver software is pretty typical. Printing and scanning is easy if you’re using Windows or Mac. Linux users should note that Ubuntu 10.10 is not yet supported. Linux support comes via the HPLIP Open Source project.

Interestingly, the Zeen made it possible for me to print from and scan to my Ubuntu 10.10 laptop, although in a very roundabout way that few sane end users would opt to use. Remember that the ePrint print-by-email service has a 5 megabyte limit on files it will accept, so to print anything larger than that I had to first copy it to an SD card, then insert that SD card into the Zeen, and finally print the item from the Zeen’s QuickOffice app. Like I said, roundabout. A similar process worked for scanning: scan to an SD card in the Zeen, put the SD card into my laptop, retrieve the files.

The Zeen has a very specific set of features, and is not a general purpose tablet. You’re not going to whip it out to check IMDB while watching a movie. You can load an SD card full of MP3s and use it as a portable music player, but really, why would you? Web browsing on the Zeen is so slow as to be not worth the effort. Checking your email on the Zeen is a novelty you’ll try, just to see it work, and then never use again.

One real shortcoming, I think, is that the Zeen has no support for market:// URIs for Android apps. I understand they don’t want to support third-party apps, and some (many?) apps might not even function very well, if at all, on the Zeen. You can load Android apps if you can find a .apk file, but it seems really lame to me for HP to completely disable access to the Android marketplace.

Bottom Line
Does the marriage of an Android tablet to an all-in-one printer make sense? Yeah, actually it does, as long as you understand the limitations of the pairing. The Zeen isn’t a fully featured tablet, but rather a specific feature, with a specific set of functionality tailored to the eStation. Don’t buy the eStation for the Zeen. Buy the eStation because you need a reliable all-in-one printer, and enjoy what the Zeen offers you.

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Is this Wireless Graphics Card Stupidly Intuitive or Just Stupid?

Pakistan IT — Thu, 13 Jan 2011 10:22:24 +0000

Cable cutting is almost a reflexively good thing, right? Wireless mice, wireless console controllers, wireless internet—but is this wireless KFA2 GeForce GTX460 graphics card just wireless for the pure sake of it? Or is this the future?

The ostensibly cool factor of a graphics card like this—which KFA2 claims can output 1080p video at 60hz via a monitor receiver—is that it’ll allow you to place your display and (wireless) keyboard/mouse anywhere you want, freed from your desktop. Stick the desktop in the basement! Or under the bed! Or wherever. The appeal here lies in getting the desktop tower out of sight and, I suppose, saving space. Which is good!

But then what? I’m not sure where else most people are going to be using their desktop computers other than… a desk. And if you’re already at the desk, is it really so much of a pain to have the computer next to you? Where does KFA2 free us to place the tower-less computer, with its 100 foot range? On a dining room table? In the kitchen? These all seem like places in a home where a tablet or laptop would hit the spot, rather than a PC monitor, mouse, and keyboard. And keep in mind, that monitor still needs a power cable.

Hooking up KFA2′s receiver to an HDTV is also an option, but, blech—the idea of sitting on my couch with a wireless mouse makes my skin crawl.

This is also to say nothing of the potential for wireless interference and range issues—not what you want to run into while gaming or watching a movie (or doing anything, really).

Cables are a hassle, for sure—but really only when they’re meant to be hooked up to something that we’re moving around with any frequency at all. An external hard drive. A phone. Which is why I couldn’t care less about the rat’s nest of HDMI cables behind my TV—I never go back there, and I never move the thing around. Wirelessly streaming video from a laptop to a TV, or a camera to a computer, or whatnot—these all make sense, as one object in the equation is either small or far away enough from the other to make mobility a factor. But the wireless desktop monitor? I’m not quite convinced anyone needs such a thing. [KFA2 via DVICE]

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OCZ quits DRAM business to focus on super-speedy SSDs

Pakistan IT — Thu, 13 Jan 2011 10:15:38 +0000

OCZ, a company that started life a decade ago by churning out DRAM modules for enthusiasts to throw into their towering rigs, has now announced it’s abandoning that market entirely. As PC Perspective points out, it’s grown increasingly difficult for companies to differentiate their products when it comes to memory — most of it just works and most of it is pretty fast — and continually declining prices have apparently forced OCZ’s hand. The San Jose-based company’s new primary breadwinner will be solid state drives, which already account for a substantial proportion of revenues and look set to grow exponentially as their own prices dip a little further into the range of the affordable. It’s a shame we’ll no longer have that bold Z to look at when picking out memory sticks for our next self-built machine, but maybe it’s all for the best. Check out an interview with an OCZ VP at the source link below.

Press Release

OCZ Technology Group Reports Fiscal 2011 Third Quarter Results

Record Revenues With SSD Revenues Up 325% Year Over Year and 105% Sequentially; Posts Positive Non-GAAP Operating Profit

SAN JOSE, Calif., Jan. 10, 2011 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — OCZ Technology Group, Inc. (Nasdaq:OCZ), a leading provider of high-performance solid-state drives (SSDs) and memory modules for computing devices and systems, reports its third quarter 2011 results (Q3’11), which ended on November 30, 2010.

Net revenues in Q3’11 were a record $53.2 million, and increased 40% both on a year-over-year and sequential basis, from $38.0 million reported in Q3’10 and in Q2’11.

SSD revenues reached a record $41.5 million in Q3’11, an increase of 325% over Q3’10 SSD revenues of $9.8 million, and a 105% increase sequentially over Q2’11 SSD Revenues of $20.2 million.

In August 2010, the Company announced a strategic optimization of its memory products whereby it discontinued certain unprofitable commodity memory module products with the intent to continue only with certain high-performance memory products. However, since that time, there has been well-chronicled, continued weakness in the global DRAM markets.

Having balanced this DRAM market weakness against the capital needs of the Company’s growing SSD products, the board has determined that it is in the best interests of the stockholders to accelerate plans to discontinue its remaining DRAM module products by the end of its current fiscal year of February 28, 2011. Accordingly, our DRAM products are now expected to have minimal, if any, sales in the next fiscal year and beyond.

Reporting on a GAAP basis, which includes certain items related to the accelerated discontinuation of the Company’s DRAM products, the acquisition of certain intellectual property, changes in warrant derivative valuation, and other non cash charges, GAAP net loss for Q3’11 was $8.3 million, or $0.29 loss per diluted share. This compares to GAAP net loss of $1.0 million, or $0.05 loss per share in Q3’10.

Non-GAAP net loss for Q3’11 was $0.9 million, or $0.03 loss per diluted share, as compared to non-GAAP net loss for Q3’10 of $1.6 million, or $0.07 loss per share. A reconciliation between GAAP and non-GAAP information is contained in the tables below.

Financial Highlights

* SSD revenue increased 325% year-over-year, to $41.5 million in Q3’11, representing 78% of net revenue
* Positive non-GAAP operating income of $0.1 million in Q3’11 compared to a non-GAAP operating loss of $1.0 million in Q3’10
* Positive non-GAAP Adjusted EBITDA of $0.4 million in Q3’11
* Non-GAAP gross margin increased to 19.4% in Q3’11
* Accelerated the discontinuation of remaining DRAM module products
* Company raised $22 million in a private placement to several institutional stockholders priced at a premium to the then-market price

Recent Business Highlights:

* Recently began shipping Deneva Series Enterprise SSDs in mass production quantities to a new Tier 1 OEM client
* OEM SSD business continued to ramp, with numerous new client wins such as BOLData and Falcon Northwest Computer Systems, while several current clients ramped shipments of SSDs
* Recently began shipping High Speed Data Link (HSDL) enabled IBIS SSD drives in mass production quantities to select clients
* Launched the 2nd generation REVO X2 PCIe based SSD with up to 150k random write IOPS , in capacities up to 960GBs , and deployed with key high performance workstation OEMs
* Acquired certain Fibre Channel interface and DRAM based SSD controller technology from Solid Data Inc, in order to facilitate the company’s move into Fibre Channel and low latency enterprise SSD Segments
* Began mass production of 2xNm based SSD for low cost applications and started sampling 2xNm based high durability SSDs for Enterprise Server and Storage applications
* Opened new SSD manufacturing facility in Taiwan, nearly quadrupling our manufacturing capacity with the addition of two new SMT lines, the first in October and the second which has just come on-line

Business Overview:

“Revenue generated from our Solid State Drive products for the third fiscal quarter more than doubled on a sequential basis,” said Ryan Petersen, Chief Executive Officer of OCZ Technology. “SSD revenue accounted for 78% of our revenue and just by itself exceeds our historical quarterly revenue totals across all categories, thus reinforcing our decision to discontinue our remaining DRAM products.”

Mr. Petersen concluded, “We have focused on building the OEM and enterprise segments of our business, and last month we announced a mass production order from a Tier 1 OEM for our enterprise class SSDs, reflecting the reliability, speed and total cost of ownership solid state drives provide over traditional mechanical hard drives. We believe the market opportunity for SSDs is significant, and to that end, we will continue to invest in research and development to extend our leadership position. We also plan to increase our sales and marketing efforts in order to facilitate continued revenue growth and increased market share as SSDs gain adoption in all segments.”

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PRI – An Unexplored Market for Mobile Operators

Pakistan IT — Fri, 07 Jan 2011 15:40:26 +0000

Primary rate Interface (PRI) is a service level of Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) which gives specifications for carrying multiple voice and data transmissions between a user and the network.

In layman terms, PRI is a standard which help provide services for business concerns and offices which are operating digital PBXs for their cellular communication needs.

There are a large numbers of organizations and call centers which have immense communications needs and need to make thousands of calls over all networks such as fixed line, mobile operators etc.

At this current time, organizations & companies need to have digital PABXs in which they keep Sims of different mobile operators and make calls through these SIMs.

With PRI, they do not need any SIM, as their exchanges can directly be connected to the nearest cell site or MSC of the concerned service provider.

This connection is usually based on fibre optic although other mediums can be used. For this purpose, the services of a local loop operator are utilized who provides this medium, at a monthly rent of course.

The advantages of a PRI solution are as follows:

Multiple channels over a single line (24 line in T1 and 32 in E1)
Having a large numbers of SIMs may result in service deterioration but PRI solves this by directly being connected to the nearest cell site or MSC
Billing is made easier, instead of individual bills, customer can be billed for actual utilization
Better network utilization on the side of the cellular service operator
Customer gets the advantage in terms of better rates. Currently most of the postpaid packages being offered by service providers are based for individual users. Think of it in terms of retail and whole sale. Currently packages being offered are retail, once you shift to PRI, you will be offered rates in wholesale

Currently such solutions are being offered by PTCL since it has its own fibre optic backbone but cellular operators have rarely ventured into it.

This could be due to licensing problems with PTA since the licenses were issued for GSM services, and according to some legal experts, cellular companies are not allowed fixed line telephony whereas others have the opinion that this is not fixed line telephony.

Whatever the legal opinions, cellular companies should explore this solution. Big business/corporate customers should also look into this option to get better deals.

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Difference Between DDR2 & DDR3

Pakistan IT — Fri, 30 Apr 2010 14:02:35 +0000

Published By

SYED UMER

DDR2 (Double Data Rate 2) memory has been available for quite some time. New computers, even computers released within the last three years or so come equipped with DDR2 memory. An improvement over DDR memory, DDR2 produces faster performance with less energy consumption. With the way that DDR memory products are designed, none is backwards or forward compatible with the other. For example, if you have DDR memory, you will not be able to upgrade using DDR2 or DDR3 memory. You can only upgrade DDR memory with other DDR memory.

DDR3 memory is still relatively new, and is the most advanced and up-to-date technology you could put on your computer. It does work faster than DDR2 memory, and even uses less energy to perform at such a high capacity. Because this technology is still fairly recent, you probably won’t find it a lot in new computers. One of the biggest setbacks in regards to DDR3 memory is its entry level price range. The lowest price you’ll find for DDR2 memory is about $18, whereas DDR3 at its cheapest ranges around $85. This comparison is used with a stick of 1GB memory for desktop computers.

Related with: (www.brighthub.com/computing/hardware/articles/12461.aspx#ixzz0mI2RWfzR)

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Difference between DDR1 & DDR2

Pakistan IT — Fri, 30 Apr 2010 13:44:02 +0000

Published By

SARMAD ALI JAVED

DIFFERENCE B/W DDR1 AND DDR2

DDR SDRAM or double-data-rate synchronous dynamic random access memory is a class of memory integrated circuit used in computers. It achieves greater bandwidth than the preceding single-data-rate SDRAM by transferring data on the rising and falling edges of the clock signal (double pumped).

Effectively, it nearly doubles the transfer rate without increasing the frequency of the front side bus. Thus a 100 MHz DDR system has an effective clock rate of 200 MHz when compared to equivalent SDR SDRAM, the “SDR” being a retrospective designation.

With data being transferred 64 bits at a time DDR RAM gives a transfer rate of [mbcr x 2 x 64] / 8; annotated it looks like this: (memory bus clock rate) × 2 (for dual rate) × 64 (number of bits transferred) / 8 (number of bits/byte).

Thus with a bus frequency of 100 MHz, DDR-SDRAM gives a max transfer rate of 1600 MB/s. JEDEC has set standards for speeds of DDR SDRAM, divided into two parts: The first specification is for memory chips and the second is for memory modules.

DDR2

In electronic engineering, double-data-rate two synchronous dynamic random access memory (DDR2 SDRAM) is a random access memory technology used for high speed storage of the working data of a computer or other digital electronic device.

It is a part of the SDRAM (synchronous dynamic random access memory) family of technologies, which is one of many DRAM (dynamic random access memory) implementations, and is an evolutionary improvement over its predecessor, DDR SDRAM (double-data-rate synchronous dynamic random access memory).

Its primary benefit is the ability to run its bus at twice the speed of the memory cells it contains, thus enabling faster bus speeds and higher peak throughputs than earlier technologies. This is achieved at the cost of higher latency.

Like all SDRAM implementations, DDR2 stores memory in memory cells that are activated with the use of a clock signal to synchronize their operation with an external data bus. Like DDR before it, DDR2 cells transfer data both on the rising and falling edge of the clock (a technique called double pumping). The key difference between DDR and DDR2 is that in DDR2 the bus is clocked at twice the speed of the memory cells, so four words of data can be transferred per memory cell cycle. Thus, without speeding up the memory cells themselves, DDR2 can effectively operate at twice the bus speed of DDR.

Chip characteristics

DRAM density

Size of the chip in megabits. For example, 256 Mbit, or 32 MB chip. Nearly all motherboards only recognize 1 GB modules if they are low density 64M×8 modules. If high density 128M×4 1 GB modules are used, they most likely will not work. The JEDEC standard allows 128M×4 only for slower buffered/registered modules designed specifically for some servers, but some generic manufacturers do not comply.^]

DRAM organization

Written in the form of 64M×4, where 64M is a number of storage units (64 million), x4 (pronounced “by 4″) — number of bits per chip, which equals the number of bits per storage unit. There are ×4, ×8, and ×16 DDR chips. The ×4 chips allow the use of advanced error correction features like Chip kill, memory scrubbing and Intel SDDC, while the ×8 and ×16 chips are somewhat more expensive.

Module characteristics

Capacity

Number of DRAM Devices

The number of chips is a multiple of 8 for non-ECC modules and a multiple of 9 for ECC modules. Chips can occupy one side (single sided) or both sides (dual sided) of the module. The maximum number of chips per DDR module is 36 (9×4) for ECC and 32 (8×4) for non-ECC.

ECC vs non-ECC

Modules that have error correcting code are labeled as ECC. Modules without error correcting code are labeled non-ECC.

Number of DRAM Ranks

(also known as rows or sides) Any given module can have 1, 2, or 4 ranks, but only 1 rank of a module can be active at any moment in time. When a module has two or more ranks, the memory controller must periodically switch between them by performing close and open operations. Do not confuse rows in this context with rows used to describe internal chip architecture (that is why the term rank is to be preferred). The term sides is also confusing because it incorrectly suggests that this is tied to the physical placement of chips on the module.

Timings

CAS latency (CL), clock cycle time (t_CK), row cycle time (t_RC), refresh row cycle time (t_RFC), row active time (_tRAS).

Buffering

registered (or buffered) vs unbuffered

Packaging

Typically DIMM or SO-DIMM

Power consumption

Increases with clock rate

Module and chip characteristics are inherently linked.

Total module capacity is a product of one chip’s capacity by the number of chips. ECC modules multiply it by 8/9 because they use one bit per byte for error correction. A module of any particular size can therefore be assembled either from 32 small chips (36 for ECC memory), or 16(18) or 8(9) bigger ones.

DDR memory bus width per channel is 64 bits (72 for ECC memory). Total module bit width is a product of bits per chip by number of chips. It also equals number of ranks (rows) multiplied by DDR memory bus width. Consequently a module with greater amount of chips or using ×8 chips instead of ×4 will have more ranks.

*Example: Variations of 1 GB PC2100 Registered DDR SDRAM module with ECC*
*Module size (GB)*	*Number of chips*	*Chip size (Mbit)*	*Chip organization*	*Number of rows (ranks)*
1	36	256	64M×4	2
1	18	512	64M×8	1
1	18	512	128M×4	1

This example compares different real-world server memory modules with a common size of 1 GB. One should definitely be careful buying 1 GB memory modules, because all these variations can be sold under one price position without stating whether they are ×4 or ×8, single or dual ranked.

There is a common belief that number of module ranks or rows equals number of sides. As above data shows, this is not true. One can find 2-side/1-rank or 2-side/4-rank modules. One can even think of a 1-side/2-rank memory module having 16(18) chips on single side ×8 each, but it’s unlikely such a module was ever produced.

Double data rate (DDR) SDRAM specification

From JEDEC Board Ballot JCB-99-70, and modified by numerous other Board Ballots, formulated under the cognizance of Committee JC-42.3 on DRAM Parametrics.

Standard No. 79 Revision Log:

Release 1, June 2000
Release 2, May 2002
Release C, March 2003 – JEDEC Standard No. 79C.

“This comprehensive standard defines all required aspects of 64Mb through 1Gb DDR SDRAMs with X4/X8/X16 data interfaces, including features, functionality, ac and dc parametrics, packages and pin assignments. This scope will subsequently be expanded to formally apply to x32 devices, and higher density devices as well.”]

High density vs low density

High density memory here means non-ECC 184 pin SDRAM memory.

Organization

PC3200 is DDR SDRAM designed to operate at 200 MHz using DDR-400 chips with a bandwidth of 3,200 MB/s. As the memory is double pumped, this means that the effective clock rate of PC3200 memory is 400 MHz.

1 GB PC3200 non-ECC modules are usually made with sixteen 512 Mbit chips, 8 down each side (512 Mbits × 16 chips) / (8 bits (per byte)) = 1,024 MB. The individual chips making up a 1 GB memory module are usually organized with 64 Mbits and a data width of 8 bits for each chip, commonly expressed as 64M×8. Memory manufactured in this way is low density RAM and will usually be compatible with any motherboard specifying PC3200 DDR-400 memory.

High density RAM

In the context of the 1 GB non-ECC PC3200 SDRAM module, there is very little visually to differentiate low density from high density RAM. High density DDR RAM modules will, like their low density counterparts, usually be double-sided with eight 512 Mbit chips per side. The difference is that for each chip, instead of being organized in a 64M×8 configuration, it is organized with 128 Mbits and a data width of 4 bits, or 128M×4. To further confuse the issue, some RAM is labeled as 128M×8, and is also called high density.

Most high density PC3200 modules are assembled using Samsung chips. These chips come in both the familiar 22 × 10 mm (approx.) TSOP2 and smaller squarer 12 × 9 mm (approx.) FBGA package sizes. High density Samsung chips can be identified by the numbers on each chip. If the sixth and seventh characters are 04 (for example K4H510438D-UCCC) then the chips are ×4 and high density. If the sixth and seventh characters are 08 then the chips are ×8 and low density.

High density RAM devices were designed to be used in registered memory modules for servers. As a result, performance or response times may suffer when used on a desktop or workstation. JEDEC standards do not apply to high-density DDR RAM in desktop implementations. JEDEC’s technical documentation, however, supports 128M×4 semiconductors as such that contradicts 128×4 being classified as high density. As such, high density is a relative term, which can be used to describe memory which is not supported by a particular motherboard’s memory controller.

Alternatives

Comparison of DDR, DDR2 and DDR3 for Desktop PCs

*DDR SDRAM Standard*	*Frequency (MHz)*	*Voltage*^[10]
DDR	100–200	2.5/2.6
DDR2	200–533	1.8
DDR3	400–800	1.5

DDR (DDR1) has been superseded by DDR2 SDRAM, which has some modifications to allow higher clock frequency, but operates on the same principle as DDR. Competing with DDR2 are Rambus XDR DRAM. DDR2 has become the standard, as XDR is lacking support. DDR3 SDRAM is a new standard that offers even higher performance and new features.

DDR’s prefetch buffer depth is 2 bits, while DDR2 uses 4 bits. Although the effective clock rates of DDR2 are higher than for DDR, the overall performance was no greater in the early implementations, primarily due to the high latencies of the first DDR2 modules. DDR2 started to be effective by the end of 2004, as modules with lower latencies became available.^[11]

Memory manufacturers have stated that it is impractical to mass-produce DDR1 memory with effective clock rates in excess of 400 MHz. DDR2 picks up where DDR1 leaves off, and is available at clock rates of 400 MHz and higher. RDRAM is a particularly expensive alternative to DDR SDRAM, and most manufacturers have dropped its support from their chipsets. DDR1 memory’s prices have substantially increased since Q2 2008 while DDR2 prices are reaching an all-time low. In January 2009, 1 GB DDR1 is 2–3 times more expensive than 1 GB DDR2. High density DDR RAM will suit about 10% of PC motherboards on the market while low density will suit almost all

So; this is all I know about DDR1 and DDr2..I hope it will be helpful to you

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Google Data Center

Pakistan IT — Tue, 22 Dec 2009 09:44:46 +0000

Google has released a video showing a data center of theirs. This is one of the computer farms (or you might think of it as one supercomputer or a part of one) where your requests to Google, like its search engine, get crunched. Google says this data center has slots for over 45,000 servers in 45 containers

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